0x Protocol

An open-source protocol that enables peer-to-peer exchanges of assets on the Ethereum blockchain, facilitating decentralized trading without intermediaries. It was launched in 2017 but faced regulatory challenges, leading to its shutdown in 2023. 

1%/10 Net 30

A payment term offering a 1% discount on an invoice if paid within 10 days; otherwise, the full amount is due in 30 days. This incentivizes early payment and is equivalent to an 18.2% annualized interest rate for late payers. 

10-K

An annual report required by the SEC for public companies, providing a comprehensive overview of financial performance, risks, and operations, including audited financial statements. 

10-K Wrap: What It Is, How It Works, Elements

A summary report that combines SEC-required 10-K data with additional company commentary, such as a shareholder letter and business overview, to provide a more accessible annual performance snapshot. 

10-Q SEC Form

A quarterly financial report filed with the SEC by public companies, providing unaudited financial statements and updates on operations for the first three quarters of the fiscal year. 

10-Year Treasury Note

A U.S. government debt security with a 10-year maturity, paying semi-annual interest and used as a benchmark for long-term interest rates, including mortgages. 

100% Equities Strategy

An aggressive investment approach allocating all assets to stocks for maximum long-term growth, suitable for high-risk-tolerant investors with long horizons, but lacking diversification. 

1040 U.S. Individual Tax Return Form

The standard IRS form for U.S. individuals to report annual income, deductions, credits, and taxes owed or refunded, used by citizens and residents. 

1040A Form

A discontinued simplified version of Form 1040 for taxpayers with taxable income under $100,000, no itemized deductions, and limited adjustments; replaced by the redesigned Form 1040. 

1040EZ Form

A discontinued short-form tax return for simple situations (e.g., single filers with no dependents and income under $100,000); replaced by the streamlined Form 1040. 

SEC Release IA-1092

A 1987 SEC memo clarifying state and federal regulations for investment advisers and financial planners, expanding on the 1940 Investment Advisers Act to address emerging advisory services. 

11th District Cost of Funds Index (COFI)

A discontinued monthly index measuring average interest rates paid by savings institutions in Arizona, California, and Nevada; used for ARM adjustments until replaced in 2022. 

125% Loan

A mortgage allowing borrowing up to 125% of the home's appraised value, often for refinancing to access cash, but carrying higher interest rates due to increased lender risk. 

12B-1 Fee

An annual mutual fund fee (up to 1% of assets) for marketing and distribution costs, included in the expense ratio; divided into distribution (up to 0.75%) and service fees. 

12B-1 Fund

A mutual fund charging a 12B-1 fee for sales and distribution expenses, typically as a percentage of assets rather than a front-end load. 

12B-1 Plan

A mutual fund's formal plan authorizing 12B-1 fees for distribution and marketing, approved by the board and disclosed in the prospectus. 

130-30 Strategy

A long/short equity strategy investing 130% in long positions and shorting 30% of capital, netting 100% exposure while enhancing returns through leverage. 

18-Hour City

A mid-sized urban area with strong population growth, amenities, and lower costs than major metros, operating vibrantly for 18 hours daily (e.g., Austin, Nashville). 

183-Day Rule

A tax residency threshold where spending 183+ days in a country (often over a 12-month period) deems an individual a resident, subjecting them to local taxes; used in treaties to avoid double taxation. 

1979 Energy Crisis

A global oil supply disruption triggered by the Iranian Revolution, causing prices to double to $39.50/barrel, leading to shortages, inflation, and conservation efforts. 

2-1 Buydown

A temporary mortgage rate reduction where the interest rate is lowered by 2% in year one and 1% in year two, funded by seller contributions to ease early payments. 

2-2-8 Adjustable-Rate Mortgage (2/28 ARM): Meaning, How It Works

A 30-year ARM with a fixed rate for two years, then adjusting every six months for 28 years; often includes prepayment penalties and is riskier due to frequent resets. 

2000 Investor Limit: What It is, How It Works, Example

An SEC threshold requiring public reporting if a company exceeds 2,000 shareholders or $10M in assets; raised from 500 in 2016 to aid startups. 

2011 U.S. Debt Ceiling Crisis: Meaning and Outcome

A political standoff over raising the U.S. debt limit, resolved by the Budget Control Act increasing it by $2.4T; led to the first U.S. credit downgrade (AAA to AA+). 

25% Rule: What it Means, How it Works, Rules

A guideline limiting public entity debt to 25% of its annual budget for fiscal stability; also used in IP licensing for royalty rates (25% of expected profits). 

3-2-1 Buydown Mortgage: Meaning, Pros and Cons, FAQs

A temporary buydown reducing the mortgage rate by 3% in year one, 2% in year two, and 1% in year three, funded by sellers to improve affordability. 

3-6-3 Rule: Slang Term for How Banks Used to Operate

An outdated slang for 1950s-1970s banking: pay 3% on deposits, lend at 6%, and finish by 3 p.m.; reflected a less competitive era. 

3/27 Adjustable-Rate Mortgage (ARM)

A 30-year ARM with a fixed rate for three years, then adjusting annually for 27 years; offers initial savings but rate risk afterward. 

3C1

Section 3(c)(1) of the Investment Company Act exempting private funds with up to 100 investors (or 250 for venture capital) from SEC registration. 

Understanding the 3(c)(7) Exemption From SEC Regulations

An exemption allowing private funds with unlimited qualified purchasers (up to 2,000 investors) to avoid SEC registration as investment companies. 

Understanding 3D Printing: Process, Uses, and Industry Examples

An additive manufacturing process building objects layer-by-layer from digital models; used in prototyping, aerospace, and healthcare for cost savings and customization. 

3P Oil Reserves: What it Means, How it Works

The total estimated recoverable oil reserves, summing proven (1P, 90% probability), probable (2P, 50%), and possible (3P, 10%) categories for optimistic projections. 

30-Year Treasury: Meaning, History, Examples

A U.S. government bond maturing in 30 years, paying semi-annual interest; used for long-term borrowing and as a benchmark for yields. 

341 Meeting: What It Is, How It Works, Example

A mandatory bankruptcy hearing where the trustee examines the debtor under oath about assets and finances; creditors may attend and question. 

401(a) Plan: What It Is, Contribution Limits, and Withdrawal Rules

An employer-sponsored retirement plan for public/non-profit employees, with employer contributions up to 25% of pay or $69,000 (2024); withdrawals taxed as ordinary income after 59½. 

401(k) Plan

An employer-sponsored retirement savings plan allowing pre-tax contributions up to $23,500 (2025), often with employer matches; grows tax-deferred until withdrawal. 

403(b) Plan

A tax-sheltered annuity for public school/non-profit employees, similar to a 401(k), with contributions up to $23,500 (2025) and tax-deferred growth. 

408(k) Plan: What it is, How it Works, Compared to 401(k)

A Simplified Employee Pension (SEP) IRA allowing employer contributions up to 25% of pay or $69,000 (2024); easier to administer than 401(k)s, no employee contributions. 

412(i) Plan

A fully insured defined-benefit pension funded solely by annuities/life insurance, offering guaranteed benefits; popular for small businesses but complex. 

457 Plan

A deferred compensation plan for government/non-profit employees, allowing pre-tax savings up to $23,500 (2025) with no early withdrawal penalty before 59½. 

48-Hour Rule

A SIFMA rule requiring sellers of TBA MBS to disclose pool details 48 hours before settlement to ensure transparency and reduce risk. 

5/1 Hybrid Adjustable-Rate Mortgage (5/1 Hybrid ARM)

A 30-year ARM with a fixed rate for five years, then adjusting annually; offers initial low payments but potential increases later. 

5-6 Hybrid Adjustable-Rate Mortgage (5-6 Hybrid ARM)

A 30-year ARM fixed for five years, then adjusting every six months; balances stability with flexibility but carries adjustment risk. 

500-Shareholder Threshold

An outdated SEC rule (now 2,000) requiring public reporting if a company exceeds 500 shareholders; aimed at transparency for investors. 

501(c)(3) Organizations

Tax-exempt nonprofits organized for charitable, religious, educational, or scientific purposes; donations are tax-deductible, with limits on lobbying/political activity. 

501(c)

A section of the IRC granting tax-exempt status to 29 types of nonprofits, from charities (501(c)(3)) to social welfare groups, promoting public benefit activities. 

51% Attack

A blockchain security breach where an entity controls over 50% of the network's hash rate, enabling transaction reversals or double-spending; costly and rare on large networks. 

52-Week High/Low

The highest and lowest prices a stock trades at over the past year, used as resistance/support levels for trading decisions and momentum analysis. 

52-Week Range

The price span between a stock's 52-week high and low, indicating volatility and used for technical analysis to identify trends and trading opportunities. 

529 Plan

A tax-advantaged savings plan for education expenses, with tax-free growth and withdrawals for qualified costs like tuition and books. 

529 Savings Plan

A state-sponsored investment account for future education costs, offering tax-free earnings when used for qualified expenses; similar to but distinct from prepaid tuition plans. 

60-Plus Delinquencies

The percentage of mortgage loans 60+ days past due, a key indicator of credit risk and potential defaults in the housing market. 

8-K (Form 8K)

An SEC "current report" filed by public companies to disclose major events like mergers or executive changes within four business days. 

80-10-10 Mortgage

A piggyback loan with an 80% first mortgage, 10% second mortgage, and 10% down payment, avoiding PMI while requiring less upfront cash. 

80-20 Rule

The Pareto Principle stating that 80% of outcomes result from 20% of causes, used in finance for prioritizing high-impact investments or risks. 

83(b) Election

An IRS filing allowing taxation of restricted stock at grant (low value) rather than vesting, converting future gains to capital gains; must be filed within 30 days. 

8(a) Firm

A small business owned (51%+) by socially/economically disadvantaged individuals, certified by SBA for federal contracting preferences and development support. 

90-Day Letter

An IRS Notice of Deficiency proposing tax adjustments after an audit; taxpayers have 90 days to petition Tax Court or accept the changes. 

90/10 Strategy

Warren Buffett's allocation: 90% in low-cost S&P 500 index funds for growth, 10% in short-term bonds for stability; aggressive for long-term investors.